Cyber Liability pays when a hack, ransomware, or data leak hits your business. Key parts: Incident response – forensic IT, legal counsel, public relations. Data breach costs – customer notification, credit monitoring, and privacy fines. Cyber extortion – ransom payments and negotiation help. Business interruption – lost income while systems are down. Third-party liability – lawsuits if stolen data hurts others. Who needs it? Any organization that stores customer or employee data, processes payments, relies on cloud software, or would lose money if systems went offline, which is virtually every modern business. Example A ransomware attack locks a wholesaler’s ordering system for five days. Cyber policy funds the ransom, IT restoration, and lost income.

General Liability (GL) is the “slip-and-fall” policy that pays when your business accidentally hurts someone or damages their stuff. It normally covers: Bodily injury – visitor breaks an ankle in your store. Property damage – you knock over a client’s TV while working. Products & completed operations – a product you sold causes harm months later. Personal/advertising injury – you’re sued for libel, slander, or misleading ads. Medical payments – small injuries can be paid without a lawsuit. Who needs it? Any company that has people on-site, works at client locations, sells a product, advertises, or simply wants to sign a lease or contract (landlords and vendors usually demand it). That’s nearly every small and mid-sized business. Example A plumbing company floods a customer’s kitchen while repairing a pipe. GL pays for the water damage and any lawsuit.

Management Liability is a “suit against the bosses” bundle that protects the company and its leaders when decisions are challenged. It’s usually packaged as: Who needs it? Private, nonprofit, and public companies whose officers or board members could be sued personally, especially firms with investors, multiple owners, or more than a handful of employees. Example: A former employee alleges gender discrimination and wrongful termination. EPL covers defence costs and settlements.

Also called Errors & Omissions or “malpractice". It covers financial losses clients suffer because of your advice, design, or professional services, not bodily injury or property damage. Accountants Liability – mis-filing taxes, audit errors. Lawyers E&O – missed filing deadline, bad contract clause. Medical Malpractice – incorrect diagnosis, surgical error. Tech E&O – software bug crashes a customer’s system. Who needs it? Anyone whose expert judgment is the product: CPAs, attorneys, consultants, engineers, architects, medical providers, IT firms, marketing agencies, real-estate brokers, etc. Example An accountant understates payroll taxes and the client is fined $50,000 by the IRS. Professional Liability pays the loss and defence.

If you own, rent, or lease a workspace or valuable contents, Commercial Property covers physical things you rely on. Core parts: Who needs it? Owners of offices, warehouses, retail stores, restaurants, manufacturers, landlords, and tenants who must insure build-outs per lease or when purchasing a property where mortgagee requires property coverage. Example A fire destroys a bakery’s ovens and seating area. Property insurance replaces the equipment and pays lost income until reopening.

It protects your business when a company-owned or employee-driven vehicle causes injury or property damage. Auto Liability – bodily injury & damage you cause to others (required by law). Physical Damage (Comp/Collision) – repairs or total loss of your vehicle. Hired & Non-Owned Auto – covers employee cars or rented vans used for work. Uninsured Motorist – your driver is hit by someone with no coverage. Who needs it? Any firm with titled vehicles (cars, vans, pickups, box trucks, semis) or employees who drive their own vehicles for errands, deliveries, or sales calls. Example A sales rep rear-ends another car on the way to a client meeting. Commercial Auto Liability pays medical bills and repairs for the third party.